Human Diseases a Systemic Approach 8th Chapter 1 Review Test Answers

Over the years, science and technology have improved to such an extent that we accept been able to identify the causes, symptoms and cures for various diseases with a loftier degree of success. And this is supported by considerably long boilerplate lifespan and lower mortality rates. But what exactly is a affliction?

Table of Contents

Definition
Classification
Types
Degenerative
Allergies
Deficiency
Causes

What is Affliction?

"A disease is a condition that deteriorates the normal performance of the cells, tissues, and organs."

Diseases are often thought of every bit medical weather that are characterized by their signs and symptoms.

The disease can likewise be divers every bit:

"Any unsafe difference from a functional or normal state of an entity."

When a person is inflicted with a disease, he exhibits a few symptoms and signs that range from normal to severe depending upon the medical condition. Hence, in guild to identify dissimilar diseases, the normalcy of an entity needs to be studied and understood as a articulate demarcation between illness and disease-gratuitous is non e'er apparent.

The diseases are unremarkably caused by many factors rather than a unmarried cause. When we take a disease, we eventually show some signs, such as headaches, cough, common cold, weakness. These signs are referred to as "symptoms." In near all diseases, symptoms are shown immediately after having been struck by the affliction. However, it varies depending upon the seriousness of the disease.

Today, there are various ways to classify diseases.

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Classification of Diseases

Classification of Diseases
Type	Explanation	Example

Anatomic Classification	This type refers to the affected organ or tissue	Heart disease
Topographical Classification	Further classified into types such every bit vascular illness, breast disease, gastrointestinal disease, and intestinal diseases. These are and so handled by specializations in medicine that follow these topographical classifications	An ENT specialist (Ear-Nose-Pharynx) A Gastroenterology specialist etc.
Physiological Classification	This type includes diseases that affect a process or a function (such as metabolism, digestion or respiration)	Diabetes
Pathological Nomenclature	This type considers the nature of the disease. For instance, cancer is associated with uncontrolled cell growth, and at that place are variations or types in the illness.	Neoplastic diseases (uncontrolled cell growth that are characteristic of cancer) Inflammatory diseases (autoimmunity)
Epidemiological Classification	This nomenclature refers to the rate of occurrence, distribution and the command of the illness in a population.	Epidemic diseases such as plague and Influenza pandemic of 1918–1919

Types of Diseases

Diseases tin can be of two types

Infectious diseases
Not-infectious diseases

Infectious Diseases

Diseases that spread from one person to another are called infectious disease. They are ordinarily caused by microorganisms called pathogens (fungi, rickettsia, leaner, viruses, protozoans, worms). When an infected person discharges bodily fluids, pathogens may go out the host and infected a new person (sneezing, coughing etc). Examples include Cholera, chickenpox, malaria etc.

Non-infectious Diseases

These diseases are caused by pathogens, simply other factors such as age, nutritional deficiency, gender of an individual, and lifestyle too influence the disease. Examples include hypertension, diabetes, and cancer. They exercise not spread to others and they restrain inside a person who has contracted them. Alzheimers, asthma, cataract and heart diseases are other non-infectious diseases.

Degenerative Diseases

They are mainly acquired by the malfunctioning of vital organs in the body due to the deterioration of cells over time. Diseases such as osteoporosis show characteristics of degenerative diseases in the form of increased bone weakness. This increases the risk of bone fractures.

When degeneration happens to the cells of the central nervous organization, such as neurons, the condition is termed as a neurodegenerative disorder. Alzheimer'due south is a prominent instance of this disorder. Degenerative diseases are usually caused past ageing and bodywear. Others are caused by lifestyle choices and some are hereditary.

Allergies

An allergic reaction arises when the body becomes hypersensitive to sure foreign substances called allergens. This usually happens when the allowed system reacts abnormally to any seemingly harmless substances. Common allergens include dust, pollen, animal dander, mites, feathers, latex and also certain nutrient products like nuts and gluten. Peanuts and other basics have the capability to cause severe allergic reactions that may induce life-threatening atmospheric condition such equally difficulty in animate, tissues swelling up and blocking the airways and anaphylaxis shock.

Other common and less life-threatening symptoms include coughing, sneezing, running nose, itchy and scarlet eyes, skin rashes. I of the best examples of this allergic reaction is asthma. Sometimes, bee stings and emmet bites also trigger allergies. Consumption of shellfish and certain medication tin induce allergic reactions.

Asthma is a chronic disease, mainly affects the bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs. One of the factors responsible for this is airborne allergens such as pollens or dust. Symptoms include difficulty in breathing, wheezing, and cough.

Deficiency Diseases

They occur due to the deficiencies of hormones, minerals, nutrients, and vitamins. For example, diabetes occurs due to an inability to produce or utilize insulin, goitre is mainly caused by iodine deficiency, kwashiorkor is acquired past a lack of proteins in the diet. Vitamin B1 deficiency causes beriberi.

Goitres

Information technology is an aberrant enlargement of the thyroid gland by blocking the oesophagus or other organs of the chest and neck. This causes difficulty in breathing and eating.

Blood Diseases

Blood contains the plasma, white blood cells, platelets and blood-red blood cells. When whatever of these components are affected, information technology can lead to claret disorders. For instance, the cherry blood cells are destroyed when a person contracts the sickle cell disease. The red blood cells are distorted into the shape of a sickle (hence, the proper noun) and information technology loses its power to carry oxygen. Consequently, this disease is characterized by symptoms like to chronic anaemia, such every bit shortness of breath and tiredness.

Other diseases such equally eosinophilic disorders, leukaemia, myeloma (cancer of plasma cells in os marrow), Sickle Prison cell Anemia, Aplastic Anemia, Hemochromatosis and Von Miller and Illness (claret-clotting disorder) fall under this classification.

General Symptoms: Stake peel, swelling of lymph nodes, fever, haemorrhage, bruising, skin rashes, etc.

Disease-Causing Agents

We have seen the classification of different entities based on diverse characteristics, for simplification, nosotros classify organisms to group them together and study about them equally a class. Similarly, diseases are caused by dissimilar microorganisms and tin can be classified as diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses etc. Some diseases are likewise acquired by multicellular organisms such equally worms.

Listed below are few diseases and the disease-causing agents

Listing of Diseases
Disease	Causative Amanuensis
Plague	Pasteurella pestis
Cholera	Vibrio comma (Vibrio cholera)
Tetanus	Clostridium tetani
Anthrax	Bacillus anthracis
Whooping cough	Bordetella pertussis
Human papillomavirus infection	Human papillomavirus
Caused Allowed Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)	Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Hepatitis	Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, Hepatitis E viruses
Chickenpox	Varicella zoster virus (VZV)
Meningoencephalitis	Naegleria fowleri (amoeba)

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